Emergency Medical Technician (EMT) Intermediate Practice Exam

What is compartment syndrome primarily caused by?

1. Infection in the tissue

2. Tissue compression and damage

3. Excessive fluid loss

4. Bone fractures in the area

The correct answer is: Tissue compression and damage

Compartment syndrome is primarily caused by tissue compression and damage. This condition occurs when pressure builds up within a muscle compartment, which can impair blood flow and lead to tissue ischemia. The compartments are surrounded by rigid connective tissue, and when swelling from injury, hemorrhage, or other causes occurs, this increased pressure can restrict blood supply. If left untreated, it can result in irreversible damage to the muscles and nerves within the compartment. While infection can contribute to tissue damage, it is not the primary cause of compartment syndrome. Excessive fluid loss may lead to dehydration or shock but does not directly cause increased compartment pressure. Similarly, while bone fractures in the area can lead to bleeding or swelling that may contribute to the syndrome, it is the resultant pressure from tissue compression that specifically triggers this condition. Consequently, the main factor to consider in the development of compartment syndrome is the excessive pressure that adversely affects the muscle and nerve function due to compression within the compartment itself.